HomeMy WebLinkAbout3189 RESOLUTION NO. 3189
A RESOLUTION of the City Council of the City of
Bremerton, Washington, adopting new standards for the delivery
of public defense services
WHEREAS, RCW 10 10103 0 requires the City of Bremerton to adopt standards
for the delivery of public defense services for indigent persons, and
WHEREAS, the City Council desires to adopt new updated public defense service
standards, NOW THEREFORE,
THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF BREMERTON, WASHINGTON,
DOES HEREBY RESOLVE AS FOLLOWS
SECTION]. Adoption To ensure that indigent criminal defendants receive
high - quality legal representation through a public defense system that efficiently and effectively
protects the constitutional requirement of effective assistance of counsel, the City hereby adopts
the standards for delivery of public defense services for indigent persons issued by the Supreme
Court of Washington Order No 25700 -A -1004 incorporated herein as Attachment A
SECTION 2. Severabilgy If any one or more sections, subsections, or
sentences of this Resolution are held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such decision shall not
affect the validity of the remaining portion of this Resolution and the same shall remain in full
force and effect
SECTION 3. Effective Date This Resolution shall take effect and be in force
immediately upon its passage
PASSED by the City Council the c 2 day of M �rc,�� , 2013
GREG EELER, Council President
s
ATTEST APPROVED AS TO FORM
NNON CORIN, City Clerk R GER A LUBOVICH, City Atto
R \ Lega l \Legal\Resolutions\Legal\Publw Defense Standards (2013) doc
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Standards for Delivery of Public Defense Services
ATTACHMENT A
THE SUPREME COURT OF WASHINGTON
ORDER
IN THE MATTER OF THE ADOPTION OF NEW )
STANDARDS FOR INDIGENT DEFENSE AND ) NO. 25700-A- LW%
CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE )
The Washington State Bar Association having recommended the adoption of New
Standards foi Indigent Defense and Certification of Compliance, and the Court having
considered the amendments and comments submitted thereto, and having determined that the
proposed amendments will aid m the prompt and orderly administration of justice;
Now, therefore, it is hereby
ORDERED:
(a) That the standards and certificate as attached hereto are adopted.
(b) That the New Standards for Indigent Defense, except Standard 3.4, will be
published in the Washington Reports and will become effective September 1, 2012. New
Standard 3.4 will be published in the Washington Reports and become effective on September 1,
2013.
DATED at Olympia, Washington this day of June, 2012.
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ATTACHMENT A '
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IN THE MATTER OF THE ADOPTION OF NEW STANDARDS FOR INDIGENT DEFENSE
AND CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE
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ATTACHMENT A '
STANDARDS FOR INDIGENT DEFENSE
The following Standards for Indigent Defense are adopted pursuant to CrR 3. 1, CrRLJ 3,1 and
JuCR 9.2 and shall have an effective date concurrent with the effectiveness of amendments to
those rules approved by the Court July 8, 2010 (effective July 1, 2012);
Standard 3: Caseload Limits and Types of Cases
3.1 The contract or other employment agreement or government budget shall specify the
types of cases for which representation shall be provided and the maximum number of
cases which each attorney shall be expected to handle.
3.2 The caseload of public defense attorneys shall allow each lawyer to give each client the
time and effort necessary to ensure effective representation Neither defender
organizations, county offices, contract attorneys nor assigned counsel should accept
workloads that, by reason of their excessive size, interfere with the rendering of quality
representation. As used in this Standard, "quality representation" is intended to describe
the minimum level of attention, care, and skill that Washington citizens would expect of
their state's criminal justice system
3.3 General Considerations
Caseload limits reflect the maximum caseloads for fully supported full -time defense
attorneys for cases of average complexity and effort in each case type specified. Caseload
limits assume a reasonably even distribution of cases throughout the year.
The increased complexity of practice in many areas will require lower caseload limits.
The maximum caseload limit should be adjusted downward when the mix of case
assignments is weighted toward offenses or case types that demand more investigation,
legal research and writing, use of experts, use of social workers, or other expenditures of
time and resources. Attorney caseloads should be assessed by the workload required, and
cases and types of cases should be weighted accordingly.
If a defender or assigned counsel is carrying a mixed caseload including cases from more
than one category of cases, these standards should be applied proportionately to
determine a full caseload. In jurisdictions where assigned counsel or contract attorneys
also maintain private law practices, the caseload should be based on the percentage of
time the lawyer devotes to public defense.
The experience of a particular attorney is a factor in the composition of cases in the
attorney's caseload.
The following types of cases fall within the intended scope of the caseload limits for
criminal and juvenile offender cases in Standard 3.4 and must be taken into account when
assessing an attorney's numerical caseload: partial case representations, sentence
violations, specialty or therapeutic courts, transfers, extraditions, representation of
material witnesses, petitions for conditional release or final discharge, and other matters
that do not involve a new criminal charge.
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STANDARDS FOR INDIGENT DEFENSE
Definition of case: A case is defined as the filing of a document with the court naming a
person as defendant or respondent, to which an attorney is appointed in order to provide
representation. In courts of limited jurisdiction multiple citations from the same incident
can be counted as one case.
3.4 Caseload Limits
The caseload of a full -time public defense attorney or assigned counsel should not exceed
the following:
150 Felonies per attorney per year; or
300 Misdemeanor cases per attorney per year or, in jurisdictions that have not adopted a
numerical case weighting system as described in this Standard, 400 cases per year; or
250 Juvenile Offender cases per attorney per year; or
80 open Juvenile Dependency cases per attorney; or
250 Civil Commitment cases per attorney per year; or
1 Active Death Penalty trial court case at a time plus a limited number of non death
penalty cases compatible with the time demand of the death penalty case and consistent
with the professional requirements of Standard 3.2 or
36 Appeals to an appellate court hearing a case on the record and briefs per attorney per
year. (The 36 standard assumes experienced appellate attorneys handling cases with
transcripts of an average length of 350 pages. If attorneys do not have significant
appellate experience andlor the average transcript length is greater than 350 pages, the
caseload should be accordingly reduced.)
Full time Rule 9 interns who have not graduated from law school may not have caseloads
that exceed twenty -five percent (25 %) of the caseload limits established for full time
attorneys. [Effective September 1, 2013]
3 5 Case Counting
The local government entity responsible for employing, contracting with or appointing
public defense attorneys should adopt and publish written policies and procedures to
implement a numerical case - weighting system to count cases If such policies and
procedures are not adopted and published, it is presumed that attorneys are not engaging
in case weighting. A numerical case weighting system must:
A. recognize the greater or lesser workload required for cases compared to an
average case based on a method that adequately assesses and documents the
workload involved;
B. he consistent with these Standards, professional performance guidelines, and the
Rules of Professional Conduct,
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C. not institutionalize systems or practices that fail to allow adequate attorney time
for quality representation, and
D. be periodically reviewed and updated to reflect current workloads; and
E. be filed with the State of Washington Office of Public Defense.
Cases should be assessed by the workload required. Cases and types of cases should be
weighted accordingly. Cases which are complex, serious, or contribute more significantly
to attorney workload than average cases should be weighted upwards. In addition, a case
weighting system should consider factors that might justify a case weight of less than one
case.
Notwithstanding any case weighting system, resolutions of cases by pleas of guilty to
criminal charges on a first appearance or arraignment docket are presumed to be rare
occurrences requiring careful evaluation of the evidence and the law, as well as thorough
communication with clients, and must be counted as one case.
3.6 Case Weighting
The following are some examples of situations where case weighting might result in
representations being weighted as more or less than one case. The listing of specific
examples is not intended to suggest or imply that representations in such situations
should or must be weighted at more or less than one case, only that they may be, if
established by an appropriately adopted case weighting system.
A. Case Weighting Upwards: Serious offenses or complex cases that demand
more - than - average investigation, legal research, writing, use of experts, use of
social workers and/or expenditures of time and resources should be weighted
upwards and counted as more than one case
B. Case Weighting Downward: Listed below are some examples of situations
where case weighting might justify representations being weighted less than one
case. However, care must be taken because many such representations routinely
involve significant work and effort and should be weighted at a full case or more.
i Cases that result in partial representations of clients, including client
failures to appear and recommencement of proceedings, preliminary
appointments in cases in which no charges are filed, appearances of
retained counsel, withdrawals or transfers for any reason, or limited
appearances for a specific purpose (not including representations of
multiple cases on routine dockets).
ii. Cases in the criminal or offender case type that do not involve filing of
new criminal charges, including sentence violations, extraditions,
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representations of material witnesses, and other matters or representations
of clients that do not involve new criminal charges. Non - complex
sentence violations should be weighted as at least 1/3 of a case.
iii. Cases in specialty or therapeutic courts if the attorney is not responsible
for defending the client against the underlying charges before or after the
client's participation m the specialty or therapeutic court. However, case
weighting must recognize that numerous hearings and extended
monitoring of client cases in such courts significantly contribute to
attorney workload and in many instances such cases may warrant
allocation of full case weight or more.
iv. Cases on a criminal or offender first appearance or arraignment docket
where the attorney is designated, appointed or contracted to represent
groups of clients on that docket without an expectation of further or
continuing representation and which are not resolved at that time (except
by dismissal). In such circumstances, consideration should be given to
adjusting the caseload limits appropriately, recognizing that case
weighting must reflect that attorney workload includes the time needed for
appropriate client contact and preparation as well as the appearance time
spent on such dockets.
v Representation of a person in a court of limited jurisdiction on a charge
which, as a matter of regular practice in the court where the case is
pending, can be and is resolved at an early stage of the proceeding by a
diversion, reduction to an infraction, stipulation on continuance, or other
alternative non - criminal disposition that does not involve a finding of
guilt. Such cases should be weighted as at least 1/3 of a case.
Related Standards
American Bar Association, Standards for Criminal Justice, 4-12, 5 -4 3.
American Bar Association Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Defense Counsel In Death
Penalty Cases !k1
American Bar Association, Ethical Obligations of Lawyers Who Represent Indigent Criminal
Defendants When Excessive Caseloads Interfere With Competent and Diligent Representation,
May 13, 2006, Formal Opinion 06 -441. Lj inkl
The American Council of Chief Defenders Statement on Caseloads and Workloads, (2007).
R ank[
American Bar Association Eight Guidelines of Public Defense Related to Excessive Caseloads. Li
National Advisory Commission on Criminal Standards and Goals, Task Force on Courts, 1973, Standard
1312
American Bar Association Disciplinary Rule 6 -101
American Bar Association Ten Principles of a Public Defense Delivery System. in
Standards for Indigent Defense Washington State Bar Association
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STANDARDS FOR INDIGENT DEFENSE
ABA Standards of Practice for Lawyers who Represent Children in Abuse & Neglect Cases, (1996)
American Bar Association, Chicago, IL
The American Council of Chief Defenders Ethical Opinion 03 -01 (2003)
National Legal Aid and Defender Association, Standards for Defender Services, Standards IV -1
National Legal Aid and Defender Association, Model Contract for Public Defense Services (2002) ,nk
NACC Recommendations for Representation of Children In Abuse and Neglect Cases (2001) imid
City of Seattle Ordinance Number 121501 (2004) JWW
Seattle -King County Bar Association Indigent Defense Services Task Force, Guideline Number 1
Washington State Office of Public Defense, Parents Representation Program Standards Of
Representation (2009) ILIpU
Keeping Defender Workloads Manageable, Bureau of Justice Assistance, U S Department of Justice,
Indigent Defense Series 04 (Spangenberg Group, 2001) runk
5.2 Administrative Costs
A Contracts for public defense services shall provide for or include administrative
costs associated with providing legal representation. These costs should include
but are not limited to travel, telephones, law library, including electronic legal
research, financial accounting, case management systems, computers and
software, office space and supplies, training, meeting the reporting requirements
imposed by these standards, and other costs necessarily incurred in the day -to -day
management of the contract.
B. Public defense attorneys shall have 1) access to an office that accommodates
confidential meetings with clients and 2) a postal address, and adequate telephone
services to ensure prompt response to client contact,
6.1 Investigators
Public defense attorneys shall use investigation services as appropriate.
Standard 13: Limitations on Private Practice
Private attorneys who provide public defense representation shall set limits on the amount of
privately retained work which can be accepted. These limits shall be based on the percentage of
a full-tune caseload which the public defense cases represent.
Standard 14: Qualifications of Attorneys
14.1 In order to assure that indigent accused receive the effective assistance of counsel to
which they are constitutionally entitled, attorneys providing defense services shall meet
the following minimum professional qualifications;
A. Satisfy the minimum requirements for practicing law in Washington as
determined by the Washington Supreme Court; and
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B. Be familiar with the statutes, court rules, constitutional provisions, and case law
relevant to their practice area; and
C Be familiar with the Washington Rules of Professional Conduct; and
D. Be familiar with the Performance Guidelines for Criminal Defense Representation
approved by the Washington State Bar Association; and
E. Be familiar with the consequences of a conviction or adjudication, including
possible immigration consequences and the possibility of civil commitment
proceedings based on a criminal conviction; and
F. Be familiar with mental health issues and be able to identify the need to obtain
expert services; and
G. Complete seven hours of continuing legal education within each calendar year in
courses relating to their public defense practice
14.2 Attorneys' qualifications according to severity or type of case
A. Death Penalty Representation. Each attorney acting as lead counsel in a
criminal case in which the death penalty has been or may be decreed and which
the decision to seek the death penalty has not yet been made shall meet the
following requirements:
1. The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1; and
ii. At least five years criminal trial experience; and
iii. Have prior experience as lead counsel in no fewer than nine jury trials of
serious and complex cases which were tried to completion; and
iv. Have served as lead or co- counsel in at least one aggravated homicide
case; and
V. Have experience in preparation of mitigation packages in aggravated
homicide or persistent offender cases; and
vi. Have completed at least one death penalty defense seminar within the
previous two years; and
vii. Meet the requirements of SPRC 2.
Attorneys working toward qualification for a particular category of cases under this standard may associate with lead counsel
who is qualified under this standard fot that category of cases.
2 SPRC 2 APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL
At least two lawyers shall be appointed for the trial and also for the direct appeal, The trial court shall retain responsibility for
appointing counsel for trial The Supreme Court shall appoint counsel far the direct appeal Notwithstanding RAP 15 2() and (h), the
Supreme Court will determine all notions to withdraw as counsel on appeal,
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The defense team in a death penalty case should include, at a minimum, the two
attorneys appointed pursuant to SPRC 2, a mitigation specialist and an
investigator Psychiatrists, psychologists and other experts and support personnel
should be added as needed.
B. Adult Felony Cases - Class A
Each attorney representing a defendant accused of a Class A felony as defined in
RCW 9A.20,020 shall meet the following requirements:
i. The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1; and
ii. Either:
a. has served two years as a prosecutor; or
b. has served two years as a public defender; or two years in a private
criminal practice; and
iii. Has been trial counsel alone or with other counsel and handled a
significant portion of the trial in three felony cases that have been
submitted to a jury.
C. Adult Felony Cases — Class B Violent Offense
Each attorney representing a defendant accused of a Class B violent offense as
defined in RCW 9A.20.020 shall meet the following requirements.
i. The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1; and
ii. Either;
a. has served one year as a prosecutor, or
b. has served one year as a public defender; or one year in a private
criminal practice; and
iii. Has been trial counsel alone or with other counsel and handled a
significant portion of the trial in two Class C felony cases that have been
submitted to a jury.
D. Adult Sex Offense Cases
A list of attorneys who meet the requirements of pri f eiency and experience, and who have demonstrated that they are learned in the
law of capital punishment by virtue of training or experience, and thus are qualified far appointment in death penalty trials and for
appeals will be recruited and maintained by a panel created by the Supreme Court; All counsel for trial and appeal must have
demonstrated the proficiency and commitment to quality representation which Is appropriate to a capital case Both counsel at trial
must have five years' experience to the practice of criminal law be familiar with and experienced in the utilization of expert witnesses
and evidence, and not be presently serving as appointed counsel in another active trial level death penalty case. One counsel must be,
and both may be, qual f ed for appointment to capital trials on the list, unless circumstances exist such that it is in the d*ndant's
interest to appoint otherwise qualified counsel learned in the law of capital punishment by virtue of training or experience The trial
courtshall make findings offact ifgood cause is found for not appointing IW counsel
At least one counsel on appeal must have three years' experience in the field of criminal appellate law and be learned to the law of
capital punishment by virtue of framing or experience. In appointing counsel on appeal, the Supreme Court will consider the list, but
will have the, final discretion in the appointment of counsel Link
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STANDARDS FOR INDIGENT DEFENSE
Each attorney representing a client in an adult sex offense case shall meet the
following requirements:
i. The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1 and Section 2(C); and
ii. Been counsel alone of record in an adult or juvenile sex offense case or
shall be supervised by or consult with an attorney who has experience
representing juveniles or adults in sex offense cases.
E. Adult Felony Cases - All other Class B Felonies, Class C Felonies, Probation
or Parole Revocation
Each attorney representing a defendant accused of a Class B felony not defined in
Section 2(C) or (D) above or a Class C felony, as defined in RCW 9A.20,020, or
involved in a probation or parole revocation hearing shall meet the following
requirements.
i. The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1, and
ii. Either:
a. has served one year as a prosecutor, or
b. has served one year as a public defender; or one year in a private
criminal practice; and
iii. Has been trial counsel alone or with other trial counsel and handled a
significant portion of the trial in two criminal cases that have been
submitted to a jury; and
iv. Each attorney shall be accompanied at his or her first felony trial by a
supervisor if available.
F. Persistent Offender (Life Without Possibility of Release) Representation
Each attorney acting as lead counsel in a "two- strikes" or "three strikes" case in which
a conviction will result in a mandatory sentence of life in prison without parole shall
meet the following requirements:
i. The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1; 3 and
ii. Have at least:
a. four years criminal trial experience; and
b. one year experience as a felony defense attorney; and
C. experience as lead counsel in at least one Class A felony trial; and
d. experience as counsel in cases involving each of the following:
1. Mental health issues; and
3 RCW 10.101.060 (1)(a)(til) provides that counties receiving funding from the state Office of Public Defense under
that statute must require "attorneys who handle the most serious cases to meet specified qual#lcations as set forth in the
Washington state bar association endorsed standards for public defense services or participate in at least one case consultation
per case with office ofpubhe defense resource attorneys who are so gualf ed The most serious cases include all cases of murder
in the first or second degree, persistent offender cases, and class A felonies "
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2 Sexual offenses, if the current offense or a prior conviction
that is one of the predicate cases resulting in the possibility
of life in prison without parole is a sex offense; and
3. Expert witnesses; mid
4 One year of appellate experience or demonstrated legal
writing ability.
G. Juvenile Cases - Class A
Each attorney representing a juvenile accused of a Class A felony shall meet the
following requirements:
i. The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1, and
ii. Either:
a. has served one year as a prosecutor, or
b, has served one year as a public defender; one year in a private
criminal practice; and
iii. Has been trial counsel alone of record in five Class B and C felony trials;
and
iv. Each attorney shall be accompanied at his or her first juvenile trial by a
supervisor, if available.
H. Juvenile Cases - Classes B and C
Each attorney representing a juvenile accused of a Class B or C felony shall meet
the following requirements:
i. The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1; and
ii. Either:
a. has served one year as a prosecutor; or
b. has served one year as a public defender; or one year in a private
criminal practice, and
iii. has been trial counsel alone in five misdemeanor cases brought to a final
resolution; and
IV. Each attorney shall be accompanied at his or her first juvenile trial by a
supervisor if available.
I. Juvenile Sex Offense Cases
Each attorney representing a client in a juvenile sex offense case shall meet the
following requirements:
i. The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1 and Section 2(M; and
ii. Been counsel alone of record in an adult or juvenile sex offense case or
shall be supervised by or consult with an attorney who has experience
representing juveniles or adults in sex offense cases.
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J. Juvenile Status Offenses Cases. Each attorney representing a client in a "Becca"
matter sball meet the following requirements:
i. The minimum requirements as outlined in Section 1; and
ii. Either:
a. have represented clients in at least two similar cases under the
supervision of a more experienced attorney or completed at least
three hours of CLE training specific to "status offense" cases; or
b. have participated in at least one consultation per case with a more
experienced attorney who is qualified under this section.
K Misdemeanor Cases
Each attorney representing a defendant involved in a matter concerning a simple
misdemeanor or gross misdemeanor or condition of confinement, shall meet the
requirements as outlined in Section 1.
L. Dependency Cases
Each attorney representing a client in a dependency matter shall meet the following
requirements:
i. The minimum requirements as outlined in Section 1; and
ii. Attorneys handling termination hearings shall have six months
dependency experience or have significant experience in handling
complex litigation.
iii Attorneys in dependency matters should be familiar with expert services
and treatment resources for substance abuse.
iv. Attorneys representing children in dependency matters should have
lmowledge, training, experience, and ability in communicating effectively
with children, or have participated in at least one consultation per case
either with a state Office of Public Defense resource attorney or other
attorney qualified under this section.
M. Civil Commitment Cases
Each attorney representing a respondent shall meet the following requirements:
i. The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1; and
ii. Each staff attorney shall be accompanied at his or her first 90 or 180 day
commitment hearing by a supervisor; and
iii. Shall not represent a respondent in a 90 or 180 day commitment hearing
unless he or she has either:
a. served one year as a prosecutor, or
b. served one year as a public defender, or one year in a private civil
commitment practice, and
C. been trial counsel in five civil commitment initial hearings; and
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iv. Shall not represent a respondent in a jury trial unless he or she has
conducted a felony jury trial as lead counsel; of been co- counsel with a
more experienced attorney in a 90 or 180 day commitment hearing.
N. Sex Offender "Predator" Commitment Cases
Generally, there should be two counsel on each sex offender commitment case.
The lead counsel shall meet the following requirements:
1 The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1; and
ii. Have at least:
a Three years criminal trial experience; and
b. One year experience as a felony defense attorney or one year
experience as a criminal appeals attorney; and
C. Experience as lead counsel in at least one felony trial; and
d. Experience as counsel in cases involving each of the following:
1. Mental health issues, and
2. Sexual offenses; and
3. Expert witnesses; and
e. Familiarity with the Civil Rules; and
f One year of appellate experience or demonstrated legal writing
ability
Other counsel working on a sex offender commitment cases should meet
the Minimum Requirements in Section 1 and have either one year
experience as a public defender or significant experience in the
preparation of criminal cases, including legal research and writing and
training in trial advocacy.
O. Contempt of Court Cases
Each attorney representing a respondent shall meet the following requirements:
L The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1; and
ii. Each attorney shall be accompanied at his or hei first three contempt of
court hearings by a supervisor or more experienced attorney, or participate
in at least one consultation per case with a state Office of Public Defense
resource attorney or other attorney qualified in this area of practice.
P. Specialty Courts
Each attorney representing a client in a specialty court (e.g., mental health court,
drug diversion court, homelessness coint) shall meet the following requirements:
i. The minimum requirements set forth in Section 1; and
ii. The requirements set forth above for representation in the type of practice
involved in the specialty court (e.g., felony, misdemeanor, juvenile); and
iii, Be familiar with mental health and substance abuse issues and treatment
alternatives.
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14.3 Appellate Representation.
Each attorney who is counsel for a case on appeal to the Washington Supreme Court or to
the Washington Court of Appeals shall meet the following requirements:
A. The minimum requirements as outlined in Section 1; and
B. Either,
i. has filed a brief with the Washington Supreme Court or any Washington
Court of Appeals in at least one criminal case within the past two years; or
ii. has equivalent appellate experience, including filing appellate briefs in
other jurisdictions, at least one year as an appellate court or federal court
cleric, extensive trial level briefing or other comparable work.
C Attorneys with primary responsibility for handling a death penalty appeal shall
have at least five years' criminal experience, preferably including at least one
homicide trial and at least six appeals from felony convictions, and meet the
requirements of SPRC 2.
RALJ Misdemeanor Appeals to Superior Court: Each attorney who is counsel
alone for a case on appeal to the Superior Court from a Court of Limited
Jurisdiction should meet the minimum requirements as outlined in Section 1, and
have had significant training or experience in either criminal appeals, criminal
motions practice, extensive trial level briefing, clerking for an appellate judge, or
assisting a more experienced attorney in preparing and arguing an RALJ appeal.
14.4 Legal Interns
A. Legal interns must meet the requirements set out in APR 9.
B. Legal interns shall receive training pursuant to APR 9 and in offices of more than
seven attorneys, an orientation and training program for new attorneys and legal
interns should be held.
i
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